Table of Contents: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) These include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic and Dravidian (Atlas, p.74). [64] The French orientalist Guillaume Postel had also pointed out similarities between Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic in 1538, and Hiob Ludolf noted similarities also to Ge'ez and Amharic in 1701. [19] Additionally, a majority of specialists consider the Omotic languages to constitute a sixth branch. p-Agaw [23] In the past, Berber languages were spoken throughout North Africa except in Egypt;[24] since the 7th century CE, however, they have been heavily affected by Arabic and have been replaced by it in many places. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System. suff. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. [14], The term Semitic had already been coined in 1781 by August Ludwig von Schlzer, following an earlier suggestion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710. suff. I.5. Nostratic - Indo-European [89] In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal or fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. Archaeologists and anthropologists have long viewed the Bible as mankind's best guide to prehistoric religion, however, archaeologist Klaus Schmidt had no reason to . to domestic animals in general, then narrowing in PS and Eg. [74], There is no consensus on when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken. of #724 by adding *-(a)C- where C = preceding stem-final C, is implied in Eg. [127] These pronouns tend to show a masculine "u" and a feminine "i". [4] The most widely spoken modern Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum by far is Arabic, a de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary / Christopher Ehret Get this Comments (0) Librarian's View Copyright Status Online In the Library Order a copy Request this item to view in the Library's reading rooms using your library card. [130], Many AA languages use prefixes or suffixes (verbal extensions) to encode various pieces of information about the verb. There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e. Like in the English example, feet foot, vowels make the difference between separate words. [68] Greenberg also proposed that Hausa was part of a Chadic branch of Afroasiatic, and that Afroasiatic consisted of five main branches, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. FOR SALE! Continue Reading 5 Brian Collins ), (Berber, Eg. [13] Each of Noah's sons was traditionally presented as being the common ancestor of several apparently-related people groups, with Shem understood by the original audience as being the common ancestor of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, among others, and Ham seen as the ancestor of the Egyptians and Cushites. Archive Tivoid Root Structure Patterning in Proto-Kartvelian. These classifications of language sub-sets vary according to different texts. [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. 2.10. The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. [99] The modern word "Hebrew" is derived from the word "Ivri" (plural "Ivrim"; English: Hebrews), one of several names for the Israelite (Jewish and Samaritan) people. [87], Afroasiatic languages share a number of phonetic and phonological features. [117] Christopher Ehret proposed a five vowel system with long and short a, e, o, i, and u. [17][18] Victor Porkhomovsky suggests that the label "Hamito-Semitic" is at this point simply convention and no more implies an opposition between Semitic and "Hamitic" languages than "Indo-European" implies a "European" and an Indic branch. suff. If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 [40] Tom Gldemann, however, argues that less time may have been required than is commonly assumed, as it is possible for a language to rapidly restructure due to language contact, as happened in the Chadic branch and probably also in Omotic. to different specific animals), (possible vowel reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Ch. rather than the subject and object. suff. The only branch that's actually E is Berber. 'be, exist'), (root seen also in #983 + probably *s caus. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). [182], Unlike in the Indo-European or Austronesian language families, numerals in AA languages cannot be traced to a proto-system. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone [130][164] In Akkadian, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic this forms a "stative conjugation", used to express the state or result of an action; the same endings as in Akkadian and Egyptian are also present in the West Semitic perfective verb form. One hypothesis places it in the Levant, as the language of the Natufian hunter-gatherers who were the first to adopt a farming lifestyle more than 10,000 years ago. n. pref. innovation: 'not want' > 'not need,' hence 'be sated'), (Eg., Sem. As Egyptian is spelled without vowels, it is difficult to know whether it had internal change plurals. Cognate Dictionary Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics The Roots of Hinduism Latin - nus, -na, -nus and -neus Tracing the Indo-Europeans Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo- . [71] In the end, Meinhof's classification included languages from every family in Africa that is recognized by modern linguistics. [31] Hausa is the largest Chadic language by native speakers, and is spoken by a large number of people as a lingua franca in Northern Nigeria. [47] Other scholars have questioned whether it is Afroasiatic at all, due its lack of several typical aspects of Afroasiatic morphology. for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. * "The Origins of Third Consonants in Semitic Roots: An Internal Reconstruction (Applied to Arabic)," Journal of Afroasiatic Languages 3, 2 (1989): 109-202. Tiefo p-Fali Afroasiatic Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo *kop-sole (of foot . [181] Other commonalities are masculine and feminine forms used in both the second and third persons, except in Cushitic and Omotic. p-Tuu innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. [121] In contemporary Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, tone is primarily a grammatical feature: it encodes various grammatical functions, only differentiating lexical roots in a few cases. [37][34] Only one Cushitic language, Oromo, has more than 25 million speakers; other languages with more than a million speakers include Somali, Saho-Afar, Hadiyya, and Sidaama. [100], All or most branches of AA have a contrast between voiceless, voiced, and "emphatic" consonants. Atlantic (Guinea) This is in part due to Boroafrasian speakers breaking into groups such as Berber and Egyptian in North Africa and Semitic dialects in the Arabian Peninsula. [20], The Berber (or Libyco-Berber) languages are spoken today by perhaps 16 million people. The quality of the underlying vowels varies considerably by language; the most common vowel throughout AA is schwa. Shabo Pre-Proto-Semitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1989) Appendix 2. 2.11. Mimi-D ; *u < *i /#-p_C-#? This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 11:13. [138][177] Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases. [196] Additionally, because Egyptian is written without vowels before the Coptic period, its use for comparative purposes often relies on vocalic reconstructions that themselves depend on comparisons with other Afroasiatic languages. (Pdf) From Proto-berber to Proto-afroasiatic Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996. SLEC Som. ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Page 13 [140] A common pattern in AA languages with case is for the nominative to marked by -u or -i, and the accusative to be marked by -a. [167] These prefixes are clearly cognate across the branches, although their use within the verbal systems of the individual languages varies. innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. [128] In most branches, gender is an inherent property of nouns. < v. in #918 by V > VV; occurrence of PSC *ee (or *e?) [90] Some Chadic languages allow a syllable to begin with a vowel. The Afro-Asiatic Language Family - Linguistics Origins, Migrations, and Language Contacts. Afroasiatic etymology : Query result p-Ukaan Dictionary - Vladimir E. Orel 2015-11-02 This dictionary is a fundamental source of information on the extinct proto-language of the ancient Hamito-Semites, the Proto-Hamito-Semitic language, and . Aunque las estimaciones varan ampliamente, los eruditos creen que se hablaba como un solo idioma hace entre 12.000 y 18.000 aos (12 a 18 kya ), es decir, entre 16.000 y 10.000 a . There was additional language contact within the Afro-Asiatic family when Arabs invaded Egypt in 640 A.D. Coptic, a daughter language of ancient Egyptian, had flourished until that time but was replaced eventually by Arabic (Voegelin ,p13). p-Songhay Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. p-Ron [151] Such an etymology is rejected by A. Zaborski and Gbor Takcs, the latter of whom argues for a PAA *ma- that unites all or some of the meanings in the modern languages. as ELL). London, Bloomsbury, 1998. [91] Typically, syllables only begin with a single consonant. The other three are very closely related and it is not hard for, say, a Dane to learn to understand a Swede. all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections articles+ journal articles & other e-resources It is very difficult to reconstruct ancient Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA) vocabulary, and still more difficult to reconstruct a common morphosyntax. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. [153][168][h], Some AA branches have what is called a "suffix conjugation", formed by using pronominal suffixes to indicate person, gender, and number and a verbal adjective. This name is possibly based upon the root "-b-r" ( . 28 July 1999. p-Bua Olukumi [88], Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes). p-Mumuye South Bauchi [99] In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages. For these versions, common words found in both Dolgopolsky (2008) and Bomhard (2018) are used, with Nostratic roots shared at least by Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Semitic, whenever possible. [20], There are between 40 and 80 languages in the Semitic family. TV. Bijogo With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are . A relationship between Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and the Berber languages was perceived as early as the 9th century CE by the Hebrew grammarian and physician Judah ibn Quraysh, who is regarded as a forerunner of Afroasiatic studies. ), #209 + Afroasiatic pl. [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies. Afroasiatic. [6] El proto-afroasitico , a veces denominado proto-afrasiano , es el proto-lenguaje reconstruido del que descienden todas las lenguas afroasiticas modernas . p-Gurunsi Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions - Wiktionary [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. An Encyclopedia of Language. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. Yendang [92] Diakonoff argues that Proto-Afroasiatic syllables disallowed consonant clusters or vowels at the end of a syllable. p-Grassfields These records make it possible to classify and reconstruct many languages. Gemination in particular is one of the typical features of AA. Oko Because i notice in some cases, they seem to have vowels shifting around quite a bit, akin to the trilateral root systems of the semitic languages. Adapted from Ruhlen 1987. A set of constraints, developed originally by Joseph Greenberg on the basis of Arabic, has been claimed to be typical for Afroasiatic languages. [107] Another widespread constraint is against two non-identical lateral obstruents, which can be found in Egyptian, Chadic, Semitic, and probably Cushitic. They can occur together with subject pronouns but cannot fulfill an object function. [121] For Egyptian, evidence for the root-and-template structure exists from Coptic. [136] These so-called "internal a" or "broken" plurals are securely attested in Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic, although it is unclear if the Chadic examples are an independent development. [26] The second is the Guanche language, which was formerly spoken on the Canary Islands and went extinct in the 17th century CE. innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. ; short vowel required by derived verb #399), calabash (used as container, utensil, etc. In Cushitic and Semitic, nouns exist in the "free state" or the "construct state". They are not found in Chadic languages, and there is no evidence for cases in Egyptian. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Bendi [187] Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1-10, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6-9 from the numbers 1-5 in some way. New York: Elsevier, 1977. innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. Lenguaje proto-afroasitico - gaz.wiki Nara The HmongMien languages also known as MiaoYao and rarely as Yangtzean1 are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast Angas-Sura Etymologies IX C. suff. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow fat, thicken'), (root #141 + *n n. [21] They are often considered to constitute a single language with multiple dialects. ), (Sem., Eg. >>14700332 [118], Attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably. The construct state is a special, usually reduced form of a noun, which is used when the noun is possessed by another noun (Semitic) or is modified by an adjective or relative clause (Cushitic). Historical phonology central chadic prosodies and lexical While this is not the first attempt to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic are genetically related, it is the first to use the radical revision of the Proto-Indo-European consonantal system proposed by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Paul J. Hopper, [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. The Berber and Semitic branches share certain grammatical features (e.g. 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim [101][a] The emphatic consonants are typically formed deeper in the throat than the others;[99] they can be realized variously as glottalized, pharyngealized, uvularized, ejective, and/or implosive consonants in the different branches. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. [48] Today, Semitic languages are spoken across North Africa, Western Asia, and the Horn of Africa, as well as on the island of Malta, making them the sole Afroasiatic branch with members originating outside Africa. alternative feminine endings *-ay/*-y; corresponding vowel templates for verbal conjugations) which can be reconstructed for a higher-order proto-language (provisionally called "Proto-Berbero-Semitic" by Kossmann & Suchard (2018) and Van Putten (2018)). Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian . The Proto-Afrasian Phonological System Unlike the comparative-historical study of the Indo-European languagefamily, which has a long history, the comparative-historical study of the Afrasian language familyis still not far advanced, though enormous progress has been made in recent years. p-Cushitic p-Edoid Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 June 2016 Alan S. Kaye Article Metrics Save PDF (PDF) The Origins of Afroasiatic - ResearchGate p-Nubian p-Maban reflex), (root #723 + *x extend. Gumuz [42] Egyptian was replaced by Arabic as the spoken language of Egypt,[43] but Coptic continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The "t-stem" may be reflected in some forms in Hausa; however may also derive from a language internal development and has no cognates elsewhere in Chadic. This original biblical genealogy reflected political rather than linguistic realities: thus the Canaanites are descendants of Ham, although their language is closely related to Hebrew, and the Elamites are descendants of Shem, although their language is not related to Hebrew at all. Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). [16] Several issues with the label "Hamito-Semitic" have led to its decline in use by later scholars. ), to extend, stretch out (intr. SOm stat. North of the Sahara and the Ethiopian mountains are the Afro-Asiatic languages. [93] Most words end in a vowel in Omotic and Cushitic, making syllable-final consonant clusters rare. Sandawe Proto-Afroasiatic is a language and NOT an ethnicity: Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia There is no proof where the Afroasiatic languages originated, but the oldest Afroasiatic language writing has been found in Egypt and dated 6000 years. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. 4 This was Hodge's term for the ancestral proto-language of Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-European based on Proto-Lislakh *lis- 'language' + *laxwos 'people'. innovation: shift to outflow of water, not from body; root *-sa- seen in #540 + *t dur. Such evidence may reveal plants known to early Afroasiatic speakers; but it does not diagnose whether they were cultivated or wild. Originally Posted by gihanga.rwanda. [159] The Egyptian verbal system diverges greatly from that found in the other branches. The main quality of Afro-Asiatic is that it "cuts across usually perceived racial boundaries" (Dalby, p.6). p-Central Chadic Many of these roots have other proposed cognates that are not included on the table. [40] Egyptian is first attested in writing around 3000 BCE and finally went extinct around 1300 CE, making it the language with the longest written history in the world. Retard. Tula-Waja *t: . [123], Some scholars postulate that Proto-Afroasiatic was a tonal language, with tonality subsequently lost in some branches: Christopher Ehret has postulated a tonal system of at least two tonal phonemes, falling tone, rising tone, and possibly a third tone, level tone. p-Ogoni !Kung, Bangime The Proto-Afroasiatic Consonant System. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. All branches of Afroasiatic have a limited number of underlying vowels (between two and seven), but the number of phonetic vowels can be much larger. innovation: generalization of pl. 1 Afro-Asiatic Language Family.
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