47. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. The response re-emerges. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. I bet the bad behavior ended too. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. d. existential, 125. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . a. humanistic A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. 2.3.4.1. a. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. c. transference. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Why is this? Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. I'm here for you." In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. b. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com d. synapses. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Thats all right. c. deep brain stimulation. d. self-aware. c. resistance. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. The answer is continuous. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. a. existential Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. b. focusing on the here and now. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Neurotransmitters. Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Why? The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. None of the models are complete within themselves. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. b. exposure therapy. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. This is called the absolute refractory period. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Which is an example of latent content? d. psychotropic treatment. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. What about other students in the class that you know? When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. How so? If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. d. damage control. 2.3.1.1. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. 158. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. 22. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? So what do we do with this information? Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. 143. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. 36. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. If I do X, then Y will happen. b. self-actualizing. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. 13. 37. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. 86. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. 117. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. What if? The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? b. This is an example of: 110. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. This might even affect how you interact with them. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? 155. 24. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? d. latency stage. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. It is difficult to research this perspective. Banduras Classic Experiment. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 14. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. 113. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. 15. c. people are driven to self-actualize. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. 75. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. b. operant conditioning. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. d. displacement. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. c. unconditional positive regard. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. d. secondary process thought. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. 2.2.1.6. b. resistance. 3. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Bertha (Anna O.) 18. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Participants have similar issues. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. d. unconscious feelings of loss. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. b. cognitive-behavioral 165. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. d. psychophysical. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. b. transference. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The brain. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. 79. a. behavior-focused This thought is an example of: a. depression. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. a. guidelines. 2.3.3.4. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. Observational learning. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. b. modeling. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. a. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend?